“I’ve always felt that as a woman there are more disadvantages than advantages to being married,” says Lee, a 40-something professional who lives with her dog near Seoul.

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Now she has gone even further embracing the nation’s radical feminist movement “4B” or the “Four Nos”: no dating, no sex, no marriage, and no child-rearing.

Marriage rates are plummeting in South Korea where wives are often expected to work, raise children, and care for ageing in-laws with little state or community help.

“In the marriage market, your previous life and work experience don’t matter,” explains Lee, who has two masters degrees. “For some ridiculous reason, being highly educated also becomes a minus point. What matters the most as a potential wife is whether or not you are capable of caring for your husband and in-laws.”

She has witnessed well educated friends hitting barriers at work and experiencing problems at home after having children.

Such difficulties are the subject of a recent hit film, Kim Ji-young, Born 1982 . Based on a controversial feminist novel, it centres on a married South Korean woman who has quit her job and struggles to raise her child with limited support. Women viewers rated the film an average 9.5 out of 10 stars on the South’s top search engine. Men gave it 2.8.

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A growing number of women are turning their backs on the traditional expectations of South Korea’s male-dominated society, where working wives spend four times longer on domestic chores than their husbands.

A decade ago almost 47 per cent of single and never-married Korean women said they thought marriage was necessary. Last year, that fell to 22.4 per cent, while the number of couples getting hitched slumped to 257,600 – down from 434,900 in 1996.

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There is no official data on the size of the 4B movement, but its members say it has at least 4,000 followers.

Meanwhile a separate feminist YouTube channel that features boycotting marriage and child rearing has more than 100,000 subscribers.

Lee has also adopted some tenets of “Escape the Corset”, a movement against South Korea’s strict beauty standards – some adherents have shared viral videos of themselves smashing up their make-up collections.The groups are emerging against a backdrop of anger over South Korea’s spycam porn epidemic, whose victims are mostly women, and cases of sexual misconduct uncovered in the global #MeToo movement.

As a woman there are more disadvantages than advantages to being marriedBonnie Lee

Lee says: “I realised this society is a system that I cannot accept as a woman, and from then any encounter with men – be it marriage or dating – became meaningless to me.”

Yoon Ji-hye, a 24-year-old YouTuber, feels South Korean women are often expected to be “passive, childlike and bubbly”, as well as attractive, to be desirable.

She has fully embraced Escape the Corset, cropping her hair short and going bare-faced, shunning the country’s booming beauty industry.

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“I used to spend hours mastering make-up techniques watching YouTube videos, and spent about US$200 on beauty products every month,” recalls Yoon, who lives with her parents.

Her ex “preferred” her with long hair and did not support her feminist inclinations, she says.

Now also a 4B member, she does not miss dating or sex, explaining: “There are other options and ways to please yourself”.

4B and Escape the Corset are the most radical forms of feminism the South has ever seen, according to Shin Gi-wook, a sociologist at Stanford University in the US.

“The four categories – marriage, motherhood, dating and sex – often put women in subordinate position to men … and what is represented in ‘corset’ is also similar – that women need to look certain ways to please men,” he says.

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South Korea’s total fertility rate – the number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime – dropped to 0.98 in 2018, far below the 2.1 needed to keep a population stable.

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The government predicts the South’s 55 million population will drop to 39 million by 2067, when half the nation will be aged 62 or older.

Authorities have been trying to promote marriage by offering newlyweds housing benefits and low-interest mortgages. But for Lee the future is female.

She insists: “My dream is to build housing only for women who plan to never marry.”

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